G'day Gents
I recently wrote an article about dingo classification and submitted it to the Mansfielf Courier. The editor is pretty happy about it and is looking at getting it published for me on their website as they are having trouble with dogs around Mansfield (here in Vic) and there is lots of debate around the classicication.
After a recent conversation with Dr Cairns who is the researcher in the much quoted study that claims 99% of dingos are pure, I was left baffled as to how policy and laws have been changed on dodgey evidence which is basically the result of changing around defintiions. (I also posted it here as Wapiti posted something about dingos on a recent post by another member)
Anyway, here it is...
An Honest Conversation About Dingo ClassificationThe debate around dingoes, wild dogs, and hybrids is far from settled. At the heart of the matter lies a question of classification: what counts as a true dingo? While the science behind dingo genetics is evolving, the public narrative around these animals has been dominated by sweeping generalisations, often driven more by ideology than biology. It's time we had an honest, evidence-based conversation.
Before we go any further, it’s important to clarify some key terms. Different states in Australia may use slightly different language, but for the sake of clarity, here are the definitions this article will use:
Dingo – A wild canid that meets the genetic profile considered to be a "pure" dingo.
Wild dog – A hybrid of a dingo and a domestic dog (e.g., a farm dog, hunting dog, or domestic pet gone feral) and their offspring.
Feral dog – A domestic dog that has been lost or abandoned and now lives in the wild.
Getting clear on terminology from the start ensures a more productive and accurate conversation.
Many So-Called "Pure" Dingoes Are Actually BackcrossesRecent genetic studies, including the 2023 work led by Dr. Kylie Cairns, show that while many wild canids in Australia are genetically close to pure dingoes (>99% dingo DNA), not a single animal tested came back as 100% dingo. In fact, around 30% of the animals tested had measurable domestic dog ancestry, ranging from 55% to 93% dingo DNA.
These are not "pure" dingoes in the strictest sense. They are backcrosses — the offspring of hybrids bred back into the dingo population. Yet, in public conversation and even some scientific framing, these animals are often referred to as "dingoes," reinforcing the impression that hybridisation is either negligible or non-existent.
In the table above (taken from Dr Cairns' study) only 68.54% of the animals tested nationally came back as "pure dingo" with 27% of the animals being some degree of backcross, and 3.58% hybrids with domestic dominant DNA. While a higher percentage of dogs tested as "pure" than previously thought, the numbers are being inflated by the inclusion of backcrosses in the "pure" category. It’s also worth pointing out that not a single animal has come back as 100% pure either — meaning that every single animal in the study has some degree of hybridisation, even if it was from 200 years ago.
Proposing Better Classification Categories'
To move beyond the confusion and polarisation, we need clearer categories for classification. Here's a suggested framework:
Pure dingo: >99.9% dingo DNA
High-percentage backcross: 93%–99% dingo DNA
Low-percentage backcross: 75%–92% dingo DNA
Hybrid (F1 or F2): 50%–74% dingo DNA
Dog-dominant hybrid: <50% dingo DNA
Dr Cairns' study does show similar categories, however it includes the backcrosses under the "pure" category. The only way we get close to over 90% pure animals is if you include the hybrids and backcrosses. Dingo advocates are eager to include the backcrosses in order to boost numbers, and Dr Cairns does not appear to make a consistent effort to separate or clarify the categories in public discussion.
This level of granularity would improve the clarity of public discussion, policymaking, and conservation planning. Most importantly, it would stop the inappropriate use of the word "pure" when referring to animals that still carry significant domestic dog ancestry.
And while F1 hybrids are rare and didn’t come up in the sample group, they are appearing frequently enough for 30% of the other animals to show varying levels of backcrossing. That’s a significant minority — and one we shouldn’t ignore.
A Call for Honesty from Dingo AdvocatesMany dingo conservationists are passionate and well-meaning, but some have adopted a rigid, all-or-nothing mindset — one that resists acknowledging hybridisation even when the data is clear. In some cases, animals with as little as 55% dingo DNA are being lumped into the same category as high-purity animals. (In fact, there were more animals coming up as 'recent backcrosses' in Dr Cairns' study than 'historical backcrosses'.)
This is not just misleading — it's intellectually dishonest.
If the goal is to protect and conserve dingoes, that work should be grounded in truth. That includes accepting that the population has been genetically influenced by domestic dogs and recognising that calling everything a "dingo" muddies the waters, undermines trust, and potentially weakens the conservation case.
A Sobering Reality: No 100% Pure DingoesOne of the most striking takeaways from recent genetic studies is that not a single 100% pure dingo was identified. Even the most "pure" animals tested showed minor traces of domestic dog DNA.
This should give us pause. If every animal tested carries at least a tiny trace of domestic dog ancestry, then it's not just a question of protecting dingoes from future hybridisation — it's a race against time to preserve what genetic identity remains. Conservation strategies need to reflect this reality.
Many advocates point out that the study didn’t find a single F1 hybrid or feral dog... but it also didn’t find a single 100% pure dingo either. Supposedly, the alpine dingo still exists in the Victorian high country with an untouched bloodline — but one of these animals is yet to show up in testing. While we may hope a pure bloodline remains, the data doesn't yet prove it. That should be the final nail in the coffin for claims of total purity.
Conclusion: Let’s Base Policy on Data, Not NarrativeWords matter. Classifications matter. And framing matters.
We need to question the dominant narrative that "there is no such thing as a wild dog," and re-examine the data and the way it's being presented. The very study used to dismiss the existence of hybrids actually confirms their presence — and categorises them as "pure" through sleight-of-hand definitions.
This isn't about eradicating animals based on their DNA. It’s about allowing farmers and land managers to deal with problem animals, especially when livestock are attacked. Hybrid or pure, any wild canid responsible for killing livestock must be managed. The more hybrids are removed, the less likely the last remaining pure bloodlines will be diluted further.
Efforts should absolutely be made to conserve dingoes where protection is warranted — especially in isolated or genetically significant populations. But blanket protection policies that rely on inflated purity numbers do more harm than good.
Perhaps most concerning is that recent policy changes in Victoria — including the removal of wild dog bounties, increased legal protections, and reduced capacity for trapping — have been based on this study. With just 308 animals sampled, it’s a major oversight to make sweeping policy changes with such limited data.
Already, livestock attacks have surged in places like Mansfield, Gippsland, and the Yarra Valley.
It’s time for a reset. Let’s have an honest conversation, define our terms, and make decisions based on evidence — not ideology.
Reference: Cairns, K. M., Wilton, A. N., Ballard, J. W. O., & Savolainen, P. (2023). Genomic assessment of dog introgression into wild Australian dingoes. Molecular Ecology, 32(21), 5563–5576.
https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16998